Mbiri Yonse Yoyambira ndi Chitukuko cha Dongosolo Lotseka ndi Kulemba la LOTO

Mbiri Yonse Yoyambira ndi Chitukuko cha Dongosolo Lotseka ndi Kulemba la LOTO
I. Gawo la m'mimba: Machitidwe Oyambirira a Chitetezo cha Anthu (Kumayambiriro kwa Zaka za m'ma 1900 - 1960)
Lingaliro la "lockout tagout" linayamba kuonekera mumakampani opanga njanji.
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, pamene ogwira ntchito yokonza njanji anali kukonza magalimoto obwera ndi makabati owongolera zizindikiro, ankatseka mabokosi osinthira ndi maloko ndikuyika zizindikiro zochenjeza zolembedwa pamanja kuti ena asachite zolakwa. Uwu unali chitsanzo choyambirira cha lingaliro la Tagout + Lock losavuta.
Machenjezo Osavuta Ochokera ku Fakitale
Pambuyo pa chitukuko cha mafakitale mwachangu, ngozi monga kuphwanya makina ndi kugwedezeka kwa magetsi zinkachitika kawirikawiri panthawi yokonza zolakwika m'mafakitale osindikizira, nsalu, ndi makina. Makampani ankangogwiritsa ntchito mapepala ndi matabwa ngati zizindikiro zochenjeza kuti ayimitse makinawo, koma panalibe zida zotsekera zenizeni, ndipo zizindikiro zochenjeza zinkachotsedwa mosavuta kapena kunyalanyazidwa, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale ngozi zambiri.
Chizolowezi Chodzitsekera Chosavuta cha Makampani Chodzitsekera
Makampani ena akuluakulu opanga zinthu anapanga malamulo amkati mwawokha: Asanakonze, ankachotsa switch yayikulu ndikutseka switch ndi loko wamba, koma panalibe muyezo wogwirizana, palibe loko yodzitetezera, komanso zida zotsekera anthu ambiri. Iyi inali ntchito yodziyambitsa yokha yosiyana komanso yosakhazikika, ndipo palibe dongosolo lokhazikika lomwe linapangidwa.
II. Malamulo Amalimbikitsa Gawo: Kukwezedwa kwa Malamulo ndi Masoka Okhudzana ndi Kuvulala Pantchito ku United States (1970 - 1988)
1. Maziko Apamwamba Alamulo: Lamulo la Chitetezo ndi Umoyo Pantchito la 1970
Deta ya kuvulala kwa mafakitale ku United States m'zaka za m'ma 1960 inali yodabwitsa. Mu 1970, dziko lonselo linali ndi avareji ya imfa za antchito 14,000 chifukwa cha kuvulala kuntchito komanso mamiliyoni ambiri ovulala kwambiri. M'chaka chomwecho, Nixon adasaina OSH Act, yomwe idakhazikitsa OSHA - United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration, ndikupatsa boma mphamvu zokakamiza malamulo achitetezo a fakitale. Gawo lalikulu la lamuloli linkafuna kale mabizinesi kuti azilamulira chiopsezo choyambitsa zida mwangozi, koma panalibe malamulo enieni a LOTO.
2. Mgwirizano Umalimbikitsa Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Miyezo Yofunikira (Key Node mu 1979)
Mu makampani opanga magalimoto, ogwira ntchito yokonza magalimoto ambiri anafa chifukwa chosatseka magwero amagetsi, ndipo zida zinayambitsidwa molakwika. Panali ngozi 22 zofanana ndi zimenezi m'makampani opanga magalimoto okha. United Automobile Workers Union (UAW) inapempha OSHA kuti ikhazikitse muyezo wofunikira kwakanthawi wokhudza kuletsa kufalikira kwa mphamvu zoopsa komanso njira yotsekera anthu. Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
OSHA idavomereza pempholi ndipo idatulutsa chikalata cholengeza muyezo wa LOTO mu 1980 pambuyo pa zaka 8 za kafukufuku, misonkhano ya anthu onse, ndi kupempha maganizo kuchokera ku makampani. Ziwerengero zokhazikika za kuvulala kopitilira 10,000 kokhudzana ndi kukonza kuntchito mdziko lonselo zatsimikizira kuti ngozi zoposa theka za imfa zamakina zidachitika chifukwa cholephera kupatula mphamvu zoopsa.
III. Kubadwa kwa Malamulo Ovomerezeka Padziko Lonse: Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Malamulo Ovomerezeka a LOTO mu 1989
Kutulutsidwa kwa Malamulo Aakulu
Pa Seputembala 1, 1989, OSHA idalengeza mwalamulo muyezo wa boma wa 29 CFR 1910.147 “Control of Hazardous Energy (lockout tagout)”. Udakhazikitsidwa mokwanira pa Januware 2, 1990. Uwu unali dongosolo loyamba la LOTO lokwanira komanso lovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi, lomwe likuwonetsa kukweza kwa LOTO kuchoka pa ntchito zofalikira kupita ku njira yovomerezeka mwalamulo.
Kupanga Zinthu Zatsopano Zapakati (Kupanga Chimango Chamakono cha LOTO)
Siyanitsani pakati pa zizindikiro zochenjeza za Lockout physical lockout tagout: Zizindikiro zochenjeza ndi zothandiza zokha, ndipo ma switch amagetsi okhala ndi mabowo otsekera ayenera kutsekedwa mwamphamvu；
Fotokozani njira zonse zokhazikika: Imani - Dulani mphamvu - Tulutsani mphamvu zotsalira - Chotsani chizindikiro cha Lockout - Yesani kutsimikizira ；
Sinthani Zida Zapadera: Maloko achitetezo cha munthu, zomangira zotambasuka (zotsekereza anthu ambiri), maloko otsekereza ma circuit breaker, maloko a valavu, ma tag ochenjeza, malo oyang'anira maloko apakati; Zofunikira kwambiri pa maphunziro, kuyang'anira nthawi zonse, kukonza anthu ambiri ndi makina otsekereza anthu amodzi, kuchotsa kwathunthu chiopsezo chotsegula msanga ndi kuyambitsa kwa munthu m'modzi.
4. Kutchuka Padziko Lonse ndi Kukula kwa Malo
Kutsatira nthawi imodzi ku Europe ndi ku United States
European Union yapereka malangizo a chitetezo cha makina 2009/104/EC, kuphatikiza kwathunthu mfundo ya LOTO ya OSHA yokhudza kudzipatula kwa mphamvu, ndikukhazikitsa mofanana kutseka ndi kuletsa ma tag m'mafakitale aku Europe; Canada ndi Australia nthawi yomweyo zakhazikitsanso malamulo ofanana achitetezo.
China yakhazikitsa ndikukhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko lonse
Pambuyo pa chaka cha 2000, makampani akuluakulu akunja, makampani opanga mankhwala, magetsi, ndi magalimoto ku China anali oyamba kuyambitsa kayendetsedwe ka LOTO;
Mu 2017, muyezo wadziko lonse wa GB/T 33579-2017 “Chitetezo cha Makina – Njira Zowongolera Mphamvu Zoopsa: Kutseka Kutseka” unatulutsidwa, kuphatikiza LOTO muzofunikira zofunika pakukhazikitsa chitetezo chapakhomo, ndikupanga unyolo wathunthu wachitetezo cha mafakitale wokhala ndi ma buckle otambasuka, maloko oyang'anira, ndi maloko athunthu achitetezo.
5. Mfundo Yofunika Kwambiri Yokhudza Kubadwa kwa Dongosolo
Dongosolo la LOTO silinapangidwe mwangozi; linapangidwa chifukwa cha ngozi zambiri zomwe zinapha anthu panthawi yokonza, kulimbikitsa mabungwe ogwira ntchito, malamulo aboma, komanso kupereka zida zokhazikika:
Kudalira zikumbutso za pakamwa ndi zizindikiro zamapepala sikungalepheretse kusasamala kwa anthu;
Ndikofunikira kudalira maloko enieni kuti apange chotchinga chosadutsika；
Muzochitika zokonza anthu ambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito maloko owonjezera a buckles kumathandizira kulumikizana, ndikuletsa kuyambitsa mwangozi;
Siteshoni yotsekera pakati (Malo Osungiramo Zinthu Zosungirako) yaperekedwa ngati njira yothetsera mavuto a oyang'anira zida zobalalika komanso mwayi wopeza zinthu zovuta, zomwe zimathandiza kuti antchito asadutse njira yotsekera.